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[© 최광민] 예수 vs. 디오니소스 #6: 나귀의 본성?
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© 최광민, Kwangmin Choi, 2009-10-10
전문복사, 문맥을 무시한 임의적 발췌/수정, 배포를 금합니다.
제목
예수 vs. 디오니소스 #6: 나귀의 본성?
요약
{예수는 신화다}류의 저작물들에 등장하는 "예수=디오니소스" 계열 카피캣 이론을 고대자료의 원전과 대조해 볼때, 그 논리와 근거가 타당한지 확인해 본다.
순서
- 어떤 주장: {The Jesus Mysteries / 예수는 신화다} 제 3장
- 나귀의 본성?
- 당나귀를 숭배한 유대인들?
- 타키투스 + 플루타르코스
- 요세푸스
- 테르툴리아누스 + 미누키우스 펠릭스
- 정리
§ 어떤 주장: {The Jesus Mysteries / 예수는 신화다} 제 3장
Freke/Gandy, {The Jesus Mysteries}
프리크/갠디의 원문을 함께 인용하겠다 (번역: 최광민) 프리크/갠디가 강조하고자 하는 키워드를 붉은 색으로 표시했다.
- 예수는 죽음을 앞둔 시점, 의도적으로 나귀를 타고 예루살렘에 입성했다.
- 예수가 나귀를 타고 지나갈 때, 사람들은 전통에 따라 길에 종려나무 잎을 흔들고 나뭇가지를 깔았다.
- 종려나무는 고대 미스테리아 종교에서 상징성을 가지고 있다.
- (그래서) 플라톤은 '디오니소스의 지혜의 종려나무'란 말을 썼다 (The palm was symbolic in the Mysteries. Plato writes of 'the palm of wisdom of Dionysus'. )
- 디오니소스도 흔히 나귀 옆에 그려진다. 이 나귀는 (예수처럼) 디오니소스를 수난이 당할 곳으로 죽음을 향해 데려간다. (= In vase representations, Dionysus is also often pictured astride a donkey, which carries him to meet his passion. )
- 아리스토파네스는 이 나귀를 가리켜 '미스테리아를 실어나른 나귀'라고 썼다. (The playwright Aristophanes writes of 'the ass who carried the Mysteries'. )
- 엘레우시스 미스테리아 축제에서 나귀는 디오니소스의 우상을 만드는데 사용되는 도구를 담은 바구니를 날랐다. 이때도 사람들은 디오니소를 찬미하며 나뭇가지를 흔들었다.
- 예수와 디오니소스는 동일한 방식으로 자신들의 죽음을 향해 당당하게 나아간다 (In this way, like Jesus entering Jerusalem, Dionysus rode in triumph to his death. )
- 디오니소스 미스테리아에서 나귀는 '낮은 수준의 동물적 본성'을 상징하며, 의기양양하게 나귀를 타고 가는 신인의 모습은 그가 낮은 수준의 ‘동물적’ 본성의 주인이라는 것을 상징한다 ( = To the ancients the donkey typified lust, cruelty and wickedness. It symbolically represented the lower 'animal' self which must be overcome and subdued by an initiate of the Mysteries....The figure of the godman riding in triumph on a donkey symbolized that he was master of his lower 'animal' nature.)
- 이집트 오시리스 신화에서, 오시리스를 죽인 세트는 미스테리아 종교의 수준 낮은 자아를 상징하며, 세트가 오시리스를 죽인 일화는 수준 낮은 자아가 영적으로 수준 높은 자아, 즉 오시리스를 살해함을 의미한다. 수준 낮은 자아는 수준 높은 영적 자아로 재생하기 위해 은유적으로 사망해야 한다. ( = "Set is symbolic of the initiate's lower self, which slays the spiritual Higher Self (Osiris) and must be metaphorically put to death for the spiritual Self to be reborn.... Lucius Apuleius wrote a story called The Golden Ass, which was an allegorical tale of initiation. In it Lucius is transformed into a donkey through his own foolishness and endures many adventures which represent stages of initiation. At his final initiation he is transformed back into a human being. This story is symbolic of the initiate being overcome by his lower nature and then, through initiation into the Mysteries, rediscovering his true identity.)
- 공교롭게도 나귀는 오시리스의 세트가 애호하는 동물이었으며, 오시리스 신자들은 나귀를 벼랑에서 밀어떨어뜨리는 의식을 거행했다. (The Egyptian goddess Isis tells Lucius that the donkey is the most hateful to her of all beasts. 140 This is because it is sacred to the god Set, who in Egyptian mythology is the murderer of Osiris. 141 Plutarch recorded an Egyptian festival in which donkeys were triumphantly pushed over cliffs in vengeance for Osiris' murder.
- 세트는 입문자의 낮은 자아의 상징이며, 영적으로 높은 자아 (오시리스)를 죽이는 입문자를 상징한다. 세트/낮은 자아는 영적 자아로의 재생을 위해 은유적으로 죽임을 당해야 한다
- 이러저러해서, 예수는 디오니소스의 모방이다
검토해 보자.
§ 나귀의 본성?
유감스럽게도 프리크와 갠디는 예수가 의도한 퍼포먼스가 무엇인지 제대로 이해하지 못하거나, 의도적으로 사람들을 교란시키고 있다. 복음서에서 예수가 의도했던 것은 정확히 구약성서 {스카랴/즈카리아} 한 모티브에서 따온 것이다. 복음서에 아예 그렇게 명시되어 있다.
...그들이 예루살렘 가까이에 이르러, 올리브 산이 있는 벳바게 마을에 들어섰을 때에, 예수께서 두 제자를 보내시며 그들에게 말씀하셨다. "너희는 맞은편 마을로 가거라. 가서 보면, 나귀 한 마리가 매여 있고, 그 곁에 새끼가 있을 것이다. 그것을 풀어서, 나에게로 끌고 오너라. 누가 너희에게 무슨 말을 하거든 '주께서 쓰시려고 하십니다' 하고 말하여라. 그러면 곧 내줄 것이다." 이것은, 예언자를 시켜서 하신 말씀을 이루려고 하는 것이다. "시온의 딸에게 말하여라. 보아라, 네 임금이 네게로 오신다. 그는 온유하시어 나귀를 타셨으니, 어린 나귀, 곧 멍에 메는 짐승의 새끼다." 제자들이 가서, 예수께서 지시하신 대로, 나귀와 새끼 나귀를 끌어다가, 그 위에 겉옷을 얹으니, 예수께서 올라 타셨다. 큰 무리가 자기들의 겉옷을 길에다가 폈으며, 다른 사람들은 나뭇가지를 꺾어다가 길에다 깔았다. 그리고 앞에 서서 가는 무리와 뒤따르는 무리가 외쳤다. "호산나, 다윗의 자손께! 복되시다, 주의 이름으로 오시는 분! 가장 높은 곳에서 호산나!" 예수께서 예루살렘에 들어가셨을 때에, 온 도시가 들떠서 "이 사람이 누구냐?" 하고 물었다. 사람들은 그가 갈릴리의 나사렛에서 나신 예언자, 예수라고 말하였다....--- {마태복음} 21장, 표준새번역
위에 인용된 {히브리 성서}의 구절은 아래와 같다.
"도성 시온아, 크게 기뻐하여라. 도성 예루살렘아, 환성을 올려라. 네 왕이 네게로 오신다. 그는 공의로우신 왕, 구원을 베푸시는 왕이시다. 그는 온순하셔서, 나귀 곧 나귀 새끼인 어린 나귀를 타고 오신다. --- {스가랴} 9:9, 표준새번역
그럼 프리크와 갠디가 강조한 부분들을 살펴보자.
{Mosaiken der Capella Palatina in Palermo, Szene: Einzug Christi in Jerusalem}, Meister der Palastkapelle in Palermo, 1150년 (출처: Wikimedia Commons) ,
예수가 "기필코 나귀를 타기위해" 애쓴 것은 사실이다. 이것은 예수가 스가랴/즈카리아의 예언을 "성취"하고자 의도적으로 계획한 퍼포먼스였음은 의심할 나위가 없다. 예수가 "말"이 아니라 "나귀" - 더 정확히는 "어린 나귀"를 탄 것은, 자신이 말로 상징되는 포악한 정복군주로서 예루살렘에 입성하는 것이 아니라는 것을 대중에게 보이기 위한 의도적 퍼포먼스였다.
프리크와 갠디는 예수가 하필 왜 나귀를 골랐을까에 대한 해답을 찾기위해 지중해 지역의 비밀종교들을 끌어들이려고 하지만, 그들도 사실은 정답이 이미 복음서에 명시되어 있다는 것을 알고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 프리크/갠디는 이를 계속해서 다르게 설명하기 위해 계속 무리수를 두고 있는 것이다. 그들의 가설에 따르면, 예수가 나귀를 탄 것은 구약성서의 예언을 시행하려고 한 것이 아니라, 자신이 나귀로 상징되는 '낮은 수준의 본성'의 주인임을 보이기 위한 밀교적 상징이었다고 봐야 한다. 오캄의 면도날의 입장을 취하면 상당히 생뚱맞고 과도한 해석이다. 게다가 이미 우리는 그 퍼포먼스의 근거가 되는 문서적 증거까지 가지고 있지 않은가?
"나귀"는 그렇다치고 구약성서 {스가랴, 즈카리아}와, 또 이 문서를 받아 인용한 {복음서}가 강조하는 "어린" 나귀는 디오니소스 미스테리아와 또 어떻게 연관시킬 셈인가? 디오니소스 설화 속에는 "어린" 나귀는 신화적 모티프로 등장하지 않는다. 사실 디오니소스 설화 속의 나귀들은 "쾌락을 아는 유쾌하고 성적으로 활발한", 게다가 "수컷"나귀다. 예언서 {스가랴, 즈카리아}와 복음서는 메시아가 "나귀새끼"를 타는 이유를 그가 "온유"하기 때문이라고 말한다. 관련된 디오니소스 설화 속에서 디오니소는 과연 "온유"한가?
기독교와 나귀 사이의 비의적 관계를 제시하는 과정에서, 프리크와 갠디는 로마작가 루키우스 아폴레이우스의 {황금당나귀, 혹은 변신 이야기 / The Golden Ass. Being the Metamorphoses} 속의 한 구절을 인용하면서, 서기 2세기로 추정되는 저 십자도상이 사실은 디오니소스 비의종교를 묘사하고 있으며, 기독교는 저 디오니소스에 예수를 투사한 것이란 주장을 계속해서 펼쳤다. 즉, 저 도상은 "동물적 본성으로 부터 신적 속성으로의 해방'이라는 디오니소스 미스테리아의 정수를 담고 있다는 것이다.
이 주장을 뒷받침한다며 프리크/갠디는 아래의 도상을 제시하고 그들 만의 주장을 덧붙인다.
Second century pagan depicting a man worshipping a crucified donkey. It is inscripted ΑΛΕΞΑΜΕΝΟΣ (ΑΛΕΞΑΜΕΝΟC) ΣΕΒΕΤΕ (CEBETE) ΘΕΟΝ, which translates as "Alexamenos respects God". It is presumed to be making fun of a Christian soldier. Visible at the museum on the Palatine Hill, Rome, Italy. (circa 85 - 3rd century)(출처: 위키미디아 커먼스)
이들의 주장을 정리하면 아래와 같다.
- 로마시대 유적 (서기 193-235년 사이) 중에 유물 가운데, 머리는 나귀인 인간이 십자가에 못박힌 음각이 있다.
- 음각에는 "알렉사메노스는 자기 신을 숭배한다"라고 적혀있다.
- 이것은 이교도가 기독교를 모독할 의도로 제작된 것이라 여겨져 왔다.
- 그러나 이것은 "전혀 달리 해석될 수" 있다.
- 디오니소스 미스테리아에 따라, 수준낮은 동물적 본성이 십자가에 못박힌 것을 나타낸 그림일 가능성이 아주 높다 !!!
- 이교도인 디오니소스 미스테리아 입문자 한 명이 나귀머리를 하고 십자가에 못박힌 사람을 바라보는 장면이다 !!!
- 이 장면은 미스테리아 입문식에서 입문자의 동물적 본성이 죽고 높은 영적존재로 재탄생 하는 것을 상징한다 !!!
유감스럽지만, 권위있는 도상학자 중 거의 아무도 저 유물에 그려진 장면의 의미를 프리크/갠디가 하듯 그렇게 "복잡하고" "심오하게" 해석하지 않는다.
저 음각의 내용은 그리스어로 "ΑΛΕΞΑΜΕΝΟΣ ΣΕΒΕΤΕ ΘΕΟΝ", "알렉사메노스는 신을 경배한다"라고 되어있다. 발견된 곳은 Circus Maximus 근방에 있는 황궁 안 한 구역의 회벽기둥인데, 노예들의 구역이라고도 하고, 근위병 구역 혹은 학교시설이었다고 보기도 한다.
물론 "잘 알려졌다시피" 디오니소스는 "십자가에 달려" 죽은 적이 없다. 그런데 어찌된 일인지 나름 "공부 좀 했다"는 사람들 가운데 "디오니소스가 십자가에 달려 죽은 사실"이 "잘 알려진 것"이라고 착각하고 있는 것을 종종 보게된다. 사실은 그가 "죽었다"는 것 주장 자체가 무리한 해석이다.
그가 "육체적으로 죽었다"고 굳이 말할 수 있는 일화는 다음과 같다: 후대에 오르페오스 미스테리아와 융합된 형태로서의 디오니소스 신화는, 제우스의 아들인 어린 디오니소스가 거신족 티탄들에 의해서 찢겨 먹혔고, 이에 진노한 제우스가 번개로 이 거신족들을 죽이자, 그 재 속에서는 인류가, 남아있던 디오니소스의 심장에서 디오니소스가 재생했다고 적는다. 이 버전의 디오니소스가 지금 프리크/갠디가 예수와 비교하고 있는 그 디오니소스인가? 사실 이 버전에서의 디오니소스의 죽음은 일반적인 디오니소스 설화 속의 그 디오니소스가 태어나기 전에 있었던 그의 죽음이다. 따라서 이 죽음과 연관지어 디오니소스가 "죽음을 향해 나아간다느니"하는 주장은 시대착오적인 주장에 불과하다. (한편, 원래 디오니소스 추종자이다가 아폴론을 숭배하게 된 오르페오스는 일군의 성난 디오니소스 여신도들에게 사지가 찢겨져서 죽었다. 그러나 그는 위에 말한 버전의 디오니소스처럼 남아있는 신체로부터 부활하지 않았다.)
[노트: 디오니소스 신화와 제전에서의 나귀/노새의 역할에 대해 여기 추가할 것]
§ 당나귀를 숭배한 히브리인/유대인들?
그럼 저 십자가에 달린 당나귀는 누구/무엇인가? 우선 유대인들의 종교에 대해 BC 2-AD3세기의 지중해인들이 어떤 오해를 가지고 있었는지, 그리고 그 오해가 어떻게 유포되었었는지에 대해 설명해 보겠다.
유대인 역사가인 플라비우스 요세푸스는 그의 {아피온 반박} (2:7)에서 아피온이 옮기고 있는 BC 2세기의 이집트 알렉산드리아의 철학자이자 에라스토파네스의 수제자인 파트라스의 므나세아스의 진술을 옮긴다. 므나세아스는 유대인들이 "황금 당나귀의 머리 (χρυ σὴν ...τοῦ κάνϑωνος κεφαλήν) 를 숭배한다고 적었다. 정작 유대인인 요세푸스는 매우 당혹해 한다.
7. However, I cannot but admire those other authors who furnished this man with such his materials; I mean Possidonius and Apollonius [the son of] Molo, (8) who, while they accuse us for not worshipping the same gods whom others worship, they think themselves not guilty of impiety when they tell lies of us, and frame absurd and reproachful stories about our temple; whereas it is a most shameful thing for freemen to forge lies on any occasion, and much more so to forge them about our temple, which was so famous over all the world, and was preserved so sacred by us; for Apion hath the impudence to pretend that" the Jews placed an ass's head in their holy place;" and he affirms that this was discovered when Antiochus Epiphanes spoiled our temple, and found that ass's head there made of gold, and worth a great deal of money. To this my first answer shall be this, that had there been any such thing among us, an Egyptian ought by no means to have thrown it in our teeth, since an ass is not a more contemptible animal than - (9) and goats, and other such creatures, which among them are gods. But besides this answer, I say further, how comes it about that Apion does not understand this to be no other than a palpable lie, and to be confuted by the thing itself as utterly incredible? For we Jews are always governed by the same laws, in which we constantly persevere; and although many misfortunes have befallen our city, as the like have befallen others, and although Theos [Epiphanes], and Pompey the Great, and Licinius Crassus, and last of all Titus Caesar, have conquered us in war, and gotten possession of our temple; yet have they none of them found any such thing there, nor indeed any thing but what was agreeable to the strictest piety; although what they found we are not at liberty to reveal to other nations. But for Antiochus [Epiphanes], he had no just cause for that ravage in our temple that he made; he only came to it when he wanted money, without declaring himself our enemy, and attacked us while we were his associates and his friends; nor did he find any thing there that was ridiculous. This is attested by many worthy writers; Polybius of Megalopolis, Strabo of Cappadocia, Nicolaus of Damascus, Timagenes, Castor the chronotoger, and Apollodorus; (10) who all say that it was out of Antiochus's want of money that he broke his league with the Jews, and despoiled their temple when it was full of gold and silver. Apion ought to have had a regard to these facts, unless he had himself had either an ass's heart or a dog's impudence; of such a dog I mean as they worship; for he had no other external reason for the lies he tells of us. As for us Jews, we ascribe no honor or power to asses, as do the Egyptians to crocodiles and asps, when they esteem such as are seized upon by the former, or bitten by the latter, to be happy persons, and persons worthy of God. Asses are the same with us which they are with other wise men, viz. creatures that bear the burdens that we lay upon them; but if they come to our thrashing-floors and eat our corn, or do not perform what we impose upon them, we beat them with a great many stripes, because it is their business to minister to us in our husbandry affairs. But this Apion of ours was either perfectly unskillful in the composition of such fallacious discourses, or however, when he begun [somewhat better], he was not able to persevere in what he had undertaken, since he hath no manner of success in those reproaches he casts upon us.
유대인에 대해 반감을 보이는 AD 1세기 로마 역사가 타키투스도 유대인들이 당나귀를 숭배한다고 적었다 (Histories 5.4.2). 내용인 즉슨, 유대인들이 모세의 지도에 따라 광야를 헤맬 때, 당나귀가 자신들을 샘으로 인도했기 때문에 당나귀를 숭배하게 되었다는 것이다. 역시 출처가 불확실한 기록이다. 타키투스는 어디서 저런 정보를 얻은 것일까?
타키투스를 인용한다.
Tacitus, {The Histories}, https://archive.org/details/histories02taciuoft
...Most writers, however, agree in stating that once a disease, which horribly disfigured the body, broke out over Egypt; that king Bocchoris, seeking a remedy, consulted the oracle of Hammon, and was bidden to cleanse his realm, and to convey into some foreign land this race detested by the gods. The people, who had been collected after diligent search, finding themselves left in a desert, sat for the most part in a stupor of grief, till one of the exiles, Moyses by name, warned them not to look for any relief from God or man, forsaken as they were of both, but to trust to themselves, taking for their heaven-sent leader that man who should first help them to be quit of their present misery. They agreed,and in utter ignorance began to advance at random. Nothing,however, distressed them so much as the scarcity of water, and they had sunk ready to perish in all directions over the plain, when a herd of wild asses was seen to retire from their pasture to a rock shaded by trees. Moyses followed them, and, guided by the appearance of a grassy spot, discovered an abundant spring of water. This furnished relief.After a continuous journey for six days, on the seventh they possessed themselves of a country, from which they expelled the inhabitants, andin which they founded a city and a temple. Moyses, wishing to secure for the future his authority over the nation, gave them a novel form of worship, opposed to all that is practised by other men. Things sacred with us, with them have no sanctity, while they allow what with us is forbidden. In their holy place they have consecrated an image of the animal by whose guidance they found deliverance from their long and thirsty wanderings.They slay the ram, seemingly in derision of Hammon, and they sacrifice the ox, because the Egyptians worship it as Apis. They abstain from swine's flesh, in consideration of what they suffered when they were infected by the leprosy to which this animal is liable. By their frequent fasts they still bear witness to the long hunger of former days, and the Jewish bread, made without leaven, is retained as a memorial of their hurried seizure of corn. We are told that the rest of the seventh day was adopted, because this day brought with it a termination of their toils; after a while the charm of indolence beguilded them into giving up the seventh year also to inaction. But others say that it is an observance in honour of Saturn, either from the primitive elements of their faith having been transmitted from the Idaei, who are said to have shared the flight of that God, and to have founded the race, or from the circumstance that of the seven stars which rule the destinies of men Saturn moves in the highest orbit and with the mightiest power, and that many of the heavenly bodies complete their revolutions and courses in multiples of seven.... --- {Histories} 5.4.2
만약 타키투스가 이 주장을 유대교 문서에서 가져온 것이라면 "억지로라도" 그렇게 읽힐 수 있는 구절은 {창세기} 36장에 에 딱 한번 등장한다.
해당 문서에는 아브라함의 손자인 에서/에사오의 자손들로서 에돔/이두매아 지역의 추장들이 기록되어 있는데, 지브온의 아들 "아나"는 아버지와 함께 "나귀를" 치다가 들에서 "온천"을 발견했다고 기록되어 있다. "에돔/이두매아", "나귀", "온천/샘"라는 세 키워드가 등장한다.
에사오의 자손과 그들의 추장들은 위와 같다. 이것이 에돔이다. 세일은 호리족에 속한 사람인데 그 지방에 자리잡고 있던 그의 아들들은 로탄, 소발, 시브온, 아나, 디손, 에제르, 디산이다. 이들이 에돔 땅에 사는 세일의 아들로서 호리족의 추장을 지낸 사람들이다. 로탄은 아들 호리와 헤맘을 두었다. 그런데 바로 이 로탄의 누이가 딤나이다. 소발은 아들 알완, 마나핫, 에발, 스보, 오남을 두었다. 시브온에겐 아들 아야와 아나가 있었는데 아나는 아버지의 나귀를 치다가 들판에서 온천을 발견한 바로 그 사람이다. 아나는 아들 디손과 딸 오홀리바마를 두었다. --- {창세기}36장 (공동번역)
24 וְאֵ֥לֶּה בְנֵֽי־צִבְע֖וֹן וְאַיָּ֣ה3 וַעֲנָ֑ה ה֣וּא עֲנָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר מָצָ֤א אֶת־הַיֵּמִם֙ בַּמִּדְבָּ֔ר בִּרְעֹת֥וֹ אֶת־הַחֲמֹרִ֖ים לְצִבְע֥וֹן אָבִֽיו׃ --- 히브리어 {맛소라} 사본
24 καὶ οὗτοι υἱοὶ Σεβεγων Αιε καὶ Ωναν οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Ωνας ὃς εὗρεν τὸν Ιαμιν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ὅτε ἔνεμεν τὰ ὑποζύγια Σεβεγων τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ --- 그리스어 {70인역, LXX}
이 "아나"라는 인물은 호리(Horites)족으로, 히브리인들에 의해 신으로 숭배된 기록조차 없다.
한편, AD 1세기의 유대인 제사장 출신 요세푸스의 {아피온 반박} 2장 10절에는 에돔/이두매아 지역의 당나귀 신 숭배에 대해서 언급하고 있다 ({Contra Ap.} ii.10). 이 글 속에서 요세푸스는 "에돔/이두메아에서 온 자비도스란 인물이 전쟁에서 자기를 도와주면 당나귀 머리를 한 그의 출신지 도라의 "아폴론"신을 유대인에게 주겠다"고 했다는 허위사실을 유포한 알렉산드리아 출신의 로마 문법학자 아피온 (20 BC- 45/48 AD)에 대해 불평을 하면서 이렇게 적는다.
Josephus, {The works of Flavius Josephus}, https://archive.org/details/worksofflaviusjo1889jose
10. Nay, this miracle or piety derides us further, and adds the following pretended facts to his former fable; for he says that this man related how, "while the Jews were once in a long war with the Idumeans, there came a man out of one of the cities of the Idumeans, who there had worshipped Apollo. This man, whose name is said to have been Zabidus, came to the Jews, and promised that he would deliver Apollo, the god of Dora, into their hands, and that he would come to our temple, if they would all come up with him, and bring the whole multitude of the Jews with them; that Zabidus made him a certain wooden instrument, and put it round about him, and set three rows of lamps therein, and walked after such a manner, that he appeared to those that stood a great way off him to be a kind of star, walking upon the earth; that the Jews were terribly affrighted at so surprising an appearance, and stood very quiet at a distance; and that Zabidus, while they continued so very quiet, went into the holy house, and carried off that golden head of an ass, [for so facetiously does he write,] and then went his way back again to Dora in great haste." And say you so, sir! as I may reply; then does Apion load the ass, that is, himself, and lays on him a burden of fooleries and lies; for he writes of places that have no being, and not knowing the cities he speaks of, he changes their situation; for Idumea borders upon our country, and is near to Gaza, in which there is no such city as Dora; although there be, it is true, a city named Dora in Phoenicia, near Mount Carmel, but it is four days' journey from Idumea. [12] Now, then, why does this man accuse us, because we have not gods in common with other nations, if our fathers were so easily prevailed upon to have Apollo come to them, and thought they saw him walking upon the earth, and the stars with him? for certainly those who have so many festivals, wherein they light lamps, must yet, at this rate, have never seen a candlestick! But still it seems that while Zabidus took his journey over the country, where were so many ten thousands of people, nobody met him. He also, it seems, even in a time of war, found the walls of Jerusalem destitute of guards. I omit the rest. Now the doors of the holy house were seventy [13] cubits high, and twenty cubits broad; they were all plated over with gold, and almost of solid gold itself, and there were no fewer than twenty [14] men required to shut them every day; nor was it lawful ever to leave them open, though it seems this lamp-bearer of ours opened them easily, or thought he opened them, as he thought he had the ass's head in his hand. Whether, therefore, he returned it to us again, or whether Apion took it, and brought it into the temple again, that Antiochus might find it, and afford a handle for a second fable of Apion's, is uncertain....
요세푸스가 (사실은 아피온이) 이 언급한 에돔의 도시 도라의 "아폴론"이 현지어로 "바알-아나"라는 불리던 신이었으며, 이후 그노시스 추종자들이 이 신을 그노시스화하여 "아나엘 Anael"이라고 불렀었다.
타키투스가 유대인과 당나귀 숭배를 연관지어 유포한 것은 이후에도 상당한 임팩트를 주었다. 한편, 거의 동시대의 플루타르코스 (46-120)는 {모랄리아} VIII /Loeb Classical Library속에서, 히브리인들은 그들에게 밭가는 법을 가르쳐주었기 때문에 "돼지"를, 그들을 처음으로 샘으로 인도했기에 "당나귀"를 경외한다고 적었다. 히브리인들이 나귀나 돼지를 경외하였던가?
...So I think the Jews would kill pigs if they hated them, as the Magi kill water mice; but in fact it is just as unlawful for Jews to destroy pigs as to eat them. Perhaps it is consistent that they should revere the pig who taught them sowing and plowing, inasmuch as they honor the ass who first led them to a spring of water. Otherwise, so help me, someone will say that the Jews abstain from the hare because they can't stomach anything so filthy and unclean --- {Moralia} VIII, p 351-
...[전략]...그래서 내 생각에는, 만약 유대인들이 돼지를 싫어한다면 마치 (페르시아의) 마기들이 시궁쥐를 죽이는 것처럼 (필자 주: 플루타르코스는 다른 곳에서 마기들이 시궁쥐를 죽이는 것은 그들이 쥐를 싫어하기도 하지만, 그들의 신이 쥐를 싫어하기 때문이라고도 진술했다.), 돼지를 기꺼이 죽일 것이다. 그러나 사실 유대인들은 율법에 따르면 돼지를 죽일 수 없다. 이것은 마치 당나귀의 도움으로 유대인들이 처음으로 샘을 찾게 되었기 때문에 그들이 나귀를 경외하는 것처럼, 아마도 돼지가 그들에게 농사를 가르쳐 주었기 때문에 돼지를 경외하기 때문인 듯 하다. 누군가는 또 유대인들은 산토끼가 되새김질을 못해서 더럽고 부정하기 때문에 산토끼를 먹지않는다고 말할 것이다. --- 플루타르코스, {모랄리아} 8권 / 번역: 최광민
타키투스의 '유대인의 신 = 당나귀' 이론은 이후 유대교에 뿌리를 둔 기독교에 전이되었다. 서기 2세기의 기독교 저술가 테르툴리아누스 (197-220)는, 카르타고인들이 저자거리에다 당나귀 머리에 토가를 입은 조각을 세우고는 Deus Christianorum Onocoetes (기독교인들의 당나귀 神)이라고이름붙여 조롱했다고 기록한다. ("Apologia," xvi.)
테르툴리아누스는 타키투스가 이 모든 잘못된 정보의 근원지라며 비판한다.
...For,like some others, you are under the delusion that our god is an ass's head. Cornelius Tacitus first put this notion into people's minds. In the fifth book of his histories, beginning the (narrative of the) Jewish war with an account of the origin of the nation; and theorizing at his pleasure about the origin, as well as the name and the religion of the Jews, he states that having been delivered, or rather, in his opinion, expelled from Egypt, in crossing the vast plains of Arabia,where water is so scanty, they were in extremity from thirst; but taking the guidance of the wild asses, which it was thought might be seeking water after feeding, they discovered a fountain, and thereupon in their gratitude they consecrated a head of this species of animal. And as Christianity is nearly allied to Judaism, from this, I suppose,it was taken for granted that we too are devoted to the worship of the same image.
..다른 사람들과 마찬가지로, 당신들도 우리의 신이 당나귀 머리를 가지고 있다는 착각 속에 빠져있다. 코르넬리우스 타키투스가 처음으로 이런 개념을 사람들 머리 속에 주입했다. 그의 {역사} 제 5권에서 그는 로마-유대아 전쟁에 대한 진술의 첫머리에 유대인 국가의 기원에 대해 설명하면서, 유대인들의 기원과 그 이름과 종교에 대해 제멋대로 이론을 세웠다. 그는 말하길, 이집트에서 해방되어 (타키투스의 견해로는 '이집트에서 추방되어') 아라비아사막을 건널 때 물 부족으로 극심한 갈증으로 고통받던 히브리인들이, 아마도 풀을 뜯은 후 물을 찾아가던 야생 나귀를 따라가 샘을 발견하게 되었고, 그 감사의 뜻으로 히브리인들이 당나귀의 머리를 성스럽게 성별했다는 것이다. 기독교는 유대교의 궤적을 같이하기에, 이런 주장으로부터 당신들은 우리 기독교도들 역시 당나귀 형상을 숭배한다고 여기게 된 것이다.... / 번역: 최광민
But the said Cornelius Tacitus (the very opposite oftacit in telling lies) informs us in the work already mentioned, thatwhen Cneius Pompeius captured Jerusalem, he entered the temple to seethe arcana of the Jewish religion, but found no image there. Yet surelyif worship was rendered to any visible object, the very place for itsexhibition would be the shrine; and that all the more that the worship,however unreasonable, had no need there to fear outside beholders. Forentrance to the holy place was permitted to the priests alone, whileall vision was forbidden to others by an outspread curtain. You willnot, however, deny that all beasts of burden, and not parts of them,but the animals entire, are with their goddess Epona objects of worshipwith you. It is this, perhaps, which displeases you in us, that whileyour worship here is universal, we do homage only to the ass. Then, ifany of you think we render superstitious adoration to the cross, inthat adoration he is sharer with us. If you offer homage to a piece ofwood at all, it matters little what it is like when the substance isthe same: it is of no consequence the form, if you have the very bodyof the god. And yet how far does the Athenian Pallas differ from thestock of the cross, or the Pharian Ceres as she is put up uncarved tosale, a mere rough stake and piece of shapeless wood? Every stake fixedin an upright position is a portion of the cross; we render ouradoration, if you will have it so, to a god entire and complete. Wehave shown before that your deities are derived from shapes modelledfrom the cross. But you also worship victories, for in your trophiesthe cross is the heart of the trophy. The camp religion of the Romansis all through a worship of the standards, a setting the standardsabove all gods. Well, as those images decking out the standards areornaments of crosses. All those hangings of your standards and bannersare robes of crosses. I praise your zeal: you would not consecratecrosses unclothed and unadorned. Others, again, certainly with moreinformation and greater verisimilitude, believe that the sun is ourgod. We shall be counted Persians perhaps, though we do not worship theorb of day painted on a piece of linen cloth, having himself everywherein his own disk. The idea no doubt has originated from our being knownto turn to the east in prayer. But you, many of you, also underpretence sometimes of worshipping the heavenly bodies, move your lipsin the direction of the sunrise. In the same way, if we devote Sun-dayto rejoicing, from a far different reason than Sun-worship, we havesome resemblance to those of you who devote the day of Saturn to easeand luxury, though they too go far away from Jewish ways, of whichindeed they are ignorant. But lately a new edition of our god has beengiven to the world in that great city: Itoriginated with a certain vile man who was wont to hire himself out tocheat the wild beasts, and who exhibited a picture with thisinscription: The God of the Christians, born of an ass. He had the earsof an ass, was hoofed in one foot, carried a book, and wore a toga.Both the name and the figure gave us amusement. But our opponents oughtstraightway to have done homage to this biformed divinity, for theyhave acknowledged gods dog-headed and lion-headed, with horn of buckand ram, with goat-like loins, with serpent legs, with wings sproutingfrom back or foot. These things we have discussed ex abundanti, that wemight not seem willingly to pass by any rumor against us unrefuted.Having thoroughly cleared ourselves, we turn now to an exhibi-ition ofwhat our religion really is. ...{Apol., xvi; Ad Nat., I, ii}
(아마도 테르툴리아누스 무렵의 전후에 활동했을) 연대 미상의 작가 마르쿠스 미누키우스 펠릭스의 {Octavius," ix.,xxviii}에도 역시 유대인과 기독교도들이 당나귀를 숭배한다고 생각한 로마인들의 오해에 대해 언급하고 있다.
https://archive.org/details/octavius00minuuoft
Octavius, {Octavius}
"Andnow, as wickeder things advance more fruitfully, and abandoned mannerscreep on day by day, those abominable shrines of an impious assemblyare maturing themselves throughout the whole world. Assuredly thisconfederacy ought to be rooted out and execrated. They know one anotherby secret marks and insignia, and they love one another almost beforethey know one another. Everywhere also there is mingled among them acertain religion of lust, and they call one another promiscuouslybrothers and sisters, that even a not unusual debauchery may by theintervention of that sacred name become incestuous: it is thus thattheir vain and senseless superstition glories in crimes. Nor,concerning these things, would intelligent report speak of things sogreat and various, and requiring to be prefaced by an apology, unlesstruth were at the bottom of it. I hear that they adore the head of an ass, that basest of creatures,consecrated by I know not what silly persuasion,--a worthy andappropriate religion for such manners. Some say that theyworship the virilia of their pontiff and priest, and adore the nature,as it were, of their common parent. I know not whether these things arefalse; certainly suspicion is applicable to secret and nocturnal rites;and he who explains their ceremonies by reference to a man punished byextreme suffering for his wickedness, and to the deadly wood of thecross, appropriates fitting altars for reprobate and wicked men, thatthey may worship what they deserve. Now the story about the initiationof young novices is as much to be detested as it is well known. Aninfant covered over with meal, that it may deceive the unwary, isplaced before him who is to be stained with their rites: this infant isslain by the young pupil, who has been urged on as if to harmless blowson the surface of the meal, with dark and secret wounds. Thirstily--O horror!--they lick up its blood; eagerly they divide its limbs. By this victim they are pledged together; with this consciousness of wickednessthey are covenanted to mutual silence. Such sacred rites as these aremore foul than any sacrileges. And of their banqueting it is well knownall men speak of it everywhere; even the speech of our Cirtensiantestifies to it. On a solemn day they assemble at the feast, with alltheir children, sisters, mothers, people of every sex and of every age.There, after much feasting, when the fellowship has grown warm, and thefervour of incestuous lust has grown hot with drunkenness, a dog thathas been tied to the chandelier is provoked, by throwing a small pieceof offal beyond the length of a line by which he is bound, to rush andspring; and thus the conscious light being overturned and extinguishedin the shameless darkness, the connections of abominable lust involvethem in the uncertainty of fate. Although not all in fact, yet inconsciousness all are alike incestuous, since by the desire of all ofthem everything is sought for which can happen in the act of each individual.
아울러 저 인각의 수준으로 보았을때, 저 인각은 신비종교의 신비의식을 담은것이라기 보다는, 기독교도인 동급생을 놀리는 (학동들의) 낙서정도로 보아야 하지 않을까? 무엇보다 비밀종교의 신비한 교리를 담고있기에 저 도상은 너무나 아마추어적이고 명각 역시 너무 비뚤삐뚤하다. 혹시 디오니소스교 신자들이 포도주에 취해서 새겼기 때문일까 (로마의 황궁에서?)
이를 두고 로마의 철학자/작가 아풀레이우스의 {황금당나귀}에 담긴 비의적 종교를 염두에 두고,"입문식을 치르는 동안, 입문자가 영적으로 부활할 수 있도록, 입문자의 동물적 본성이 죽는 것을 의미한다"고 설명한 프리크와갠디의 해설은, 비록 장황한 해석이지만 본질을 잘못 짚은 예라 하겠다. 또 굳이 말한다면 디오니소스 미스테리아는, "동물적 본성로부터의" 해방이 아닌, 포도주의 만취상태가 불러일으키는 오히려 "동물적 본성으로의 해방"을 의도했다는 점을 기억하자. 단지 당나귀 머리가 그려졌다고 해서, 아풀레이우스의 {황금당나귀}를 끌어들이고, 다시 여기서 이 희곡의 주인공인 디오니소스를연결짓는 것이 지나친 도약이 아닐까?
이것이 대부분의 역사가가 저 도상을 해석하는 방식이다. 프리크와 갠디의 시도처럼 오묘하고 심오하지는않지만, 학자들은 이 단순한 설명을 가장 타당한 것으로 수용한다.
역설적인 경구 하나를 인용한다.
If it sounds too good to be true, it is probably not true.
너무 그럴 듯하게 들리면, 어쩌면 사실이 아닐지도 모른다.
판단은 각자의 몫.
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© 최광민, Kwangmin Choi, 2009-10-10
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예수 vs. 디오니소스 #6: 나귀의 본성?
{예수는 신화다}류의 저작물들에 등장하는 "예수=디오니소스" 계열 카피캣 이론을 고대자료의 원전과 대조해 볼때, 그 논리와 근거가 타당한지 확인해 본다.
순서
- 어떤 주장: {The Jesus Mysteries / 예수는 신화다} 제 3장
- 나귀의 본성?
- 당나귀를 숭배한 유대인들?
- 타키투스 + 플루타르코스
- 요세푸스
- 테르툴리아누스 + 미누키우스 펠릭스
- 정리
Freke/Gandy, {The Jesus Mysteries}
{Mosaiken der Capella Palatina in Palermo, Szene: Einzug Christi in Jerusalem}, Meister der Palastkapelle in Palermo, 1150년 (출처: Wikimedia Commons) ,
Second century pagan depicting a man worshipping a crucified donkey. It is inscripted ΑΛΕΞΑΜΕΝΟΣ (ΑΛΕΞΑΜΕΝΟC) ΣΕΒΕΤΕ (CEBETE) ΘΕΟΝ, which translates as "Alexamenos respects God". It is presumed to be making fun of a Christian soldier. Visible at the museum on the Palatine Hill, Rome, Italy. (circa 85 - 3rd century)(출처: 위키미디아 커먼스)
- 로마시대 유적 (서기 193-235년 사이) 중에 유물 가운데, 머리는 나귀인 인간이 십자가에 못박힌 음각이 있다.
- 음각에는 "알렉사메노스는 자기 신을 숭배한다"라고 적혀있다.
- 이것은 이교도가 기독교를 모독할 의도로 제작된 것이라 여겨져 왔다.
- 그러나 이것은 "전혀 달리 해석될 수" 있다.
- 디오니소스 미스테리아에 따라, 수준낮은 동물적 본성이 십자가에 못박힌 것을 나타낸 그림일 가능성이 아주 높다 !!!
- 이교도인 디오니소스 미스테리아 입문자 한 명이 나귀머리를 하고 십자가에 못박힌 사람을 바라보는 장면이다 !!!
- 이 장면은 미스테리아 입문식에서 입문자의 동물적 본성이 죽고 높은 영적존재로 재탄생 하는 것을 상징한다 !!!
Tacitus, {The Histories}, https://archive.org/details/histories02taciuoft
...Most writers, however, agree in stating that once a disease, which horribly disfigured the body, broke out over Egypt; that king Bocchoris, seeking a remedy, consulted the oracle of Hammon, and was bidden to cleanse his realm, and to convey into some foreign land this race detested by the gods. The people, who had been collected after diligent search, finding themselves left in a desert, sat for the most part in a stupor of grief, till one of the exiles, Moyses by name, warned them not to look for any relief from God or man, forsaken as they were of both, but to trust to themselves, taking for their heaven-sent leader that man who should first help them to be quit of their present misery. They agreed,and in utter ignorance began to advance at random. Nothing,however, distressed them so much as the scarcity of water, and they had sunk ready to perish in all directions over the plain, when a herd of wild asses was seen to retire from their pasture to a rock shaded by trees. Moyses followed them, and, guided by the appearance of a grassy spot, discovered an abundant spring of water. This furnished relief.After a continuous journey for six days, on the seventh they possessed themselves of a country, from which they expelled the inhabitants, andin which they founded a city and a temple. Moyses, wishing to secure for the future his authority over the nation, gave them a novel form of worship, opposed to all that is practised by other men. Things sacred with us, with them have no sanctity, while they allow what with us is forbidden. In their holy place they have consecrated an image of the animal by whose guidance they found deliverance from their long and thirsty wanderings.They slay the ram, seemingly in derision of Hammon, and they sacrifice the ox, because the Egyptians worship it as Apis. They abstain from swine's flesh, in consideration of what they suffered when they were infected by the leprosy to which this animal is liable. By their frequent fasts they still bear witness to the long hunger of former days, and the Jewish bread, made without leaven, is retained as a memorial of their hurried seizure of corn. We are told that the rest of the seventh day was adopted, because this day brought with it a termination of their toils; after a while the charm of indolence beguilded them into giving up the seventh year also to inaction. But others say that it is an observance in honour of Saturn, either from the primitive elements of their faith having been transmitted from the Idaei, who are said to have shared the flight of that God, and to have founded the race, or from the circumstance that of the seven stars which rule the destinies of men Saturn moves in the highest orbit and with the mightiest power, and that many of the heavenly bodies complete their revolutions and courses in multiples of seven.... --- {Histories} 5.4.2
24 וְאֵ֥לֶּה בְנֵֽי־צִבְע֖וֹן וְאַיָּ֣ה3 וַעֲנָ֑ה ה֣וּא עֲנָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר מָצָ֤א אֶת־הַיֵּמִם֙ בַּמִּדְבָּ֔ר בִּרְעֹת֥וֹ אֶת־הַחֲמֹרִ֖ים לְצִבְע֥וֹן אָבִֽיו׃ --- 히브리어 {맛소라} 사본
24 καὶ οὗτοι υἱοὶ Σεβεγων Αιε καὶ Ωναν οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Ωνας ὃς εὗρεν τὸν Ιαμιν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ὅτε ἔνεμεν τὰ ὑποζύγια Σεβεγων τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ --- 그리스어 {70인역, LXX}
Josephus, {The works of Flavius Josephus}, https://archive.org/details/worksofflaviusjo1889jose
10. Nay, this miracle or piety derides us further, and adds the following pretended facts to his former fable; for he says that this man related how, "while the Jews were once in a long war with the Idumeans, there came a man out of one of the cities of the Idumeans, who there had worshipped Apollo. This man, whose name is said to have been Zabidus, came to the Jews, and promised that he would deliver Apollo, the god of Dora, into their hands, and that he would come to our temple, if they would all come up with him, and bring the whole multitude of the Jews with them; that Zabidus made him a certain wooden instrument, and put it round about him, and set three rows of lamps therein, and walked after such a manner, that he appeared to those that stood a great way off him to be a kind of star, walking upon the earth; that the Jews were terribly affrighted at so surprising an appearance, and stood very quiet at a distance; and that Zabidus, while they continued so very quiet, went into the holy house, and carried off that golden head of an ass, [for so facetiously does he write,] and then went his way back again to Dora in great haste." And say you so, sir! as I may reply; then does Apion load the ass, that is, himself, and lays on him a burden of fooleries and lies; for he writes of places that have no being, and not knowing the cities he speaks of, he changes their situation; for Idumea borders upon our country, and is near to Gaza, in which there is no such city as Dora; although there be, it is true, a city named Dora in Phoenicia, near Mount Carmel, but it is four days' journey from Idumea. [12] Now, then, why does this man accuse us, because we have not gods in common with other nations, if our fathers were so easily prevailed upon to have Apollo come to them, and thought they saw him walking upon the earth, and the stars with him? for certainly those who have so many festivals, wherein they light lamps, must yet, at this rate, have never seen a candlestick! But still it seems that while Zabidus took his journey over the country, where were so many ten thousands of people, nobody met him. He also, it seems, even in a time of war, found the walls of Jerusalem destitute of guards. I omit the rest. Now the doors of the holy house were seventy [13] cubits high, and twenty cubits broad; they were all plated over with gold, and almost of solid gold itself, and there were no fewer than twenty [14] men required to shut them every day; nor was it lawful ever to leave them open, though it seems this lamp-bearer of ours opened them easily, or thought he opened them, as he thought he had the ass's head in his hand. Whether, therefore, he returned it to us again, or whether Apion took it, and brought it into the temple again, that Antiochus might find it, and afford a handle for a second fable of Apion's, is uncertain....
...[전략]...그래서 내 생각에는, 만약 유대인들이 돼지를 싫어한다면 마치 (페르시아의) 마기들이 시궁쥐를 죽이는 것처럼 (필자 주: 플루타르코스는 다른 곳에서 마기들이 시궁쥐를 죽이는 것은 그들이 쥐를 싫어하기도 하지만, 그들의 신이 쥐를 싫어하기 때문이라고도 진술했다.), 돼지를 기꺼이 죽일 것이다. 그러나 사실 유대인들은 율법에 따르면 돼지를 죽일 수 없다. 이것은 마치 당나귀의 도움으로 유대인들이 처음으로 샘을 찾게 되었기 때문에 그들이 나귀를 경외하는 것처럼, 아마도 돼지가 그들에게 농사를 가르쳐 주었기 때문에 돼지를 경외하기 때문인 듯 하다. 누군가는 또 유대인들은 산토끼가 되새김질을 못해서 더럽고 부정하기 때문에 산토끼를 먹지않는다고 말할 것이다. --- 플루타르코스, {모랄리아} 8권 / 번역: 최광민
..다른 사람들과 마찬가지로, 당신들도 우리의 신이 당나귀 머리를 가지고 있다는 착각 속에 빠져있다. 코르넬리우스 타키투스가 처음으로 이런 개념을 사람들 머리 속에 주입했다. 그의 {역사} 제 5권에서 그는 로마-유대아 전쟁에 대한 진술의 첫머리에 유대인 국가의 기원에 대해 설명하면서, 유대인들의 기원과 그 이름과 종교에 대해 제멋대로 이론을 세웠다. 그는 말하길, 이집트에서 해방되어 (타키투스의 견해로는 '이집트에서 추방되어') 아라비아사막을 건널 때 물 부족으로 극심한 갈증으로 고통받던 히브리인들이, 아마도 풀을 뜯은 후 물을 찾아가던 야생 나귀를 따라가 샘을 발견하게 되었고, 그 감사의 뜻으로 히브리인들이 당나귀의 머리를 성스럽게 성별했다는 것이다. 기독교는 유대교의 궤적을 같이하기에, 이런 주장으로부터 당신들은 우리 기독교도들 역시 당나귀 형상을 숭배한다고 여기게 된 것이다.... / 번역: 최광민
But the said Cornelius Tacitus (the very opposite oftacit in telling lies) informs us in the work already mentioned, thatwhen Cneius Pompeius captured Jerusalem, he entered the temple to seethe arcana of the Jewish religion, but found no image there. Yet surelyif worship was rendered to any visible object, the very place for itsexhibition would be the shrine; and that all the more that the worship,however unreasonable, had no need there to fear outside beholders. Forentrance to the holy place was permitted to the priests alone, whileall vision was forbidden to others by an outspread curtain. You willnot, however, deny that all beasts of burden, and not parts of them,but the animals entire, are with their goddess Epona objects of worshipwith you. It is this, perhaps, which displeases you in us, that whileyour worship here is universal, we do homage only to the ass. Then, ifany of you think we render superstitious adoration to the cross, inthat adoration he is sharer with us. If you offer homage to a piece ofwood at all, it matters little what it is like when the substance isthe same: it is of no consequence the form, if you have the very bodyof the god. And yet how far does the Athenian Pallas differ from thestock of the cross, or the Pharian Ceres as she is put up uncarved tosale, a mere rough stake and piece of shapeless wood? Every stake fixedin an upright position is a portion of the cross; we render ouradoration, if you will have it so, to a god entire and complete. Wehave shown before that your deities are derived from shapes modelledfrom the cross. But you also worship victories, for in your trophiesthe cross is the heart of the trophy. The camp religion of the Romansis all through a worship of the standards, a setting the standardsabove all gods. Well, as those images decking out the standards areornaments of crosses. All those hangings of your standards and bannersare robes of crosses. I praise your zeal: you would not consecratecrosses unclothed and unadorned. Others, again, certainly with moreinformation and greater verisimilitude, believe that the sun is ourgod. We shall be counted Persians perhaps, though we do not worship theorb of day painted on a piece of linen cloth, having himself everywherein his own disk. The idea no doubt has originated from our being knownto turn to the east in prayer. But you, many of you, also underpretence sometimes of worshipping the heavenly bodies, move your lipsin the direction of the sunrise. In the same way, if we devote Sun-dayto rejoicing, from a far different reason than Sun-worship, we havesome resemblance to those of you who devote the day of Saturn to easeand luxury, though they too go far away from Jewish ways, of whichindeed they are ignorant. But lately a new edition of our god has beengiven to the world in that great city: Itoriginated with a certain vile man who was wont to hire himself out tocheat the wild beasts, and who exhibited a picture with thisinscription: The God of the Christians, born of an ass. He had the earsof an ass, was hoofed in one foot, carried a book, and wore a toga.Both the name and the figure gave us amusement. But our opponents oughtstraightway to have done homage to this biformed divinity, for theyhave acknowledged gods dog-headed and lion-headed, with horn of buckand ram, with goat-like loins, with serpent legs, with wings sproutingfrom back or foot. These things we have discussed ex abundanti, that wemight not seem willingly to pass by any rumor against us unrefuted.Having thoroughly cleared ourselves, we turn now to an exhibi-ition ofwhat our religion really is. ...{Apol., xvi; Ad Nat., I, ii}
https://archive.org/details/octavius00minuuoft
Octavius, {Octavius}
"Andnow, as wickeder things advance more fruitfully, and abandoned mannerscreep on day by day, those abominable shrines of an impious assemblyare maturing themselves throughout the whole world. Assuredly thisconfederacy ought to be rooted out and execrated. They know one anotherby secret marks and insignia, and they love one another almost beforethey know one another. Everywhere also there is mingled among them acertain religion of lust, and they call one another promiscuouslybrothers and sisters, that even a not unusual debauchery may by theintervention of that sacred name become incestuous: it is thus thattheir vain and senseless superstition glories in crimes. Nor,concerning these things, would intelligent report speak of things sogreat and various, and requiring to be prefaced by an apology, unlesstruth were at the bottom of it. I hear that they adore the head of an ass, that basest of creatures,consecrated by I know not what silly persuasion,--a worthy andappropriate religion for such manners. Some say that theyworship the virilia of their pontiff and priest, and adore the nature,as it were, of their common parent. I know not whether these things arefalse; certainly suspicion is applicable to secret and nocturnal rites;and he who explains their ceremonies by reference to a man punished byextreme suffering for his wickedness, and to the deadly wood of thecross, appropriates fitting altars for reprobate and wicked men, thatthey may worship what they deserve. Now the story about the initiationof young novices is as much to be detested as it is well known. Aninfant covered over with meal, that it may deceive the unwary, isplaced before him who is to be stained with their rites: this infant isslain by the young pupil, who has been urged on as if to harmless blowson the surface of the meal, with dark and secret wounds. Thirstily--O horror!--they lick up its blood; eagerly they divide its limbs. By this victim they are pledged together; with this consciousness of wickednessthey are covenanted to mutual silence. Such sacred rites as these aremore foul than any sacrileges. And of their banqueting it is well knownall men speak of it everywhere; even the speech of our Cirtensiantestifies to it. On a solemn day they assemble at the feast, with alltheir children, sisters, mothers, people of every sex and of every age.There, after much feasting, when the fellowship has grown warm, and thefervour of incestuous lust has grown hot with drunkenness, a dog thathas been tied to the chandelier is provoked, by throwing a small pieceof offal beyond the length of a line by which he is bound, to rush andspring; and thus the conscious light being overturned and extinguishedin the shameless darkness, the connections of abominable lust involvethem in the uncertainty of fate. Although not all in fact, yet inconsciousness all are alike incestuous, since by the desire of all ofthem everything is sought for which can happen in the act of each individual.
너무 그럴 듯하게 들리면, 어쩌면 사실이 아닐지도 모른다.
Scientist. Husband. Daddy. --- TOLLE. LEGE
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